Ultrafine particles （UFPs） in ambient air are the particles with size smaller than 100 nm.With high surface/volume ratio，UFPs can absorb large amount of toxic chemicals，penetrate deeper into respiratory tract and deposit on bronchiole and alveoli，it is hard to be cleared out and can translocate to other issues through circulation.Therefore，it is hypothesized that UFPs could pose higher adverse health effects than particles in other size ranges.
A number of toxicological and epidemiological studies have been conducted to study the health effects of UFPs.However，the evidences from these studies are not consistent，the hypothesis about the potent health effects of UFPs has not been proved.Further studies are required to reveal the deposition，translocation，and accumulation of UFPs in human body，to overcome the technological challenges in obtaining highly temporal and spatial resolution of exposure，as well as chemical composition of UFPs，and to carry out well designed short term and long term epidemiological studies.
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